Which inflammatory condition can lead to coronary artery aneurysms in children?

Kawasaki disease is specifically associated with the development of coronary artery aneurysms in children. This condition is characterized by an acute, self-limited vasculitis that primarily affects children, leading to inflammation of the blood vessel walls, particularly the medium-sized arteries. The inflammation can result in the dilation of coronary arteries, leading to aneurysm formation.

Kawasaki disease is typically diagnosed based on clinical criteria, including prolonged fever, rash, conjunctivitis, changes in the lips and oral cavity, and lymphadenopathy. The risk of coronary artery complications, such as aneurysms, makes prompt diagnosis and treatment crucial, with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy being a key aspect of management to reduce inflammation and prevent cardiovascular complications.

Other inflammatory conditions listed do not typically cause coronary artery aneurysms in the same manner. Rheumatic fever, while it can affect the heart and lead to rheumatic heart disease, does not lead to coronary artery aneurysms. Viral myocarditis affects the heart muscle itself and does not directly cause aneurysms in coronary arteries. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may involve the cardiovascular system but is not specifically linked to the formation of coronary artery aneurysms in children like Kawasaki